Prospective And Retrospective Memory Questionnaire Research Articles

5 Longer Prospective Memory Delays Independently Predict Severity of Functional Decline in TBI

Objective:Prospective memory (PM) tasks are common in everyday life and have been implicated in optimal daily functioning. However, less is known about the parameters of PM tasks that most influence functional decline, as well as the domains of everyday functioning most sensitive to PM impairment. The present study sought to examine these questions in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Participants and Methods:Participants included 30 adults with chronic moderate-to-severe TBI who were at least one year removed from their injury (median [IQR] = 8.1 years [10.8]). Participants completed the Memory for Intentions Test (MIST), which is a 30-minute task that assesses time- and event-based PM with varying cue-intention delay length (2 versus 15 min) in the context of an ongoing task. Total scores were generated for each delay length and cue type. Additionally, participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, including assessments of processing speed, executive functions, attention, working memory, verbal fluency, and episodic learning and memory. Participants also completed questionnaires of self-reported cognitive and everyday functioning, including the Functional Behavior Profile (FBP), Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and a modified Lawton & Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale, which separately assessed 11 domains of everyday functioning.Results:Pearson’s r correlations revealed that total number of domains showing decline on the modified Lawton & Brody IADL scale was strongly correlated with MIST 15-min delay (MIST-15; r=-0.503, p=0.005), such that worse PM performance on long delay items was associated with more domains of IADL decline; this relationship was also reflected in the MIST Total Score (r=-0.389; p=0.033). No other MIST index was associated with IADL decline (ps>0.10). MIST-15 did not significantly correlate with any other measure of self-reported functioning (PRMQ, FBP; all ps>0.10), but was associated with specific declines in buying groceries (p=0.009), performing home repairs (p=0.021), shopping (p=0.033), and doing laundry (p=0.035). Relationships at a trend level included declines in housekeeping (p=0.05), managing finances (p=0.097), cooking (p=0.092), and taking medication (p=0.066). To determine specificity of the relationship between MIST-15 and everyday functioning, a linear regression was conducted using covariates that were significantly correlated with total number of domains of IADL decline (i.e., Selective Reminding Test total learning trials, CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall, Symbol Digit Modalities Test total). This regression was statistically significant [F(4,24)=4.263; p=0.10; R2=0.415), and MIST-15 remained an independent predictor (p=0.047; R2 change=0.107).Conclusions:Results suggest that the ability to remember to carry out intended actions after longer delay periods may be uniquely related to severity of declines in everyday functioning. Longer PM delays place higher demands on both memory and executive processes, as the encoded intention must survive a longer decay wherein monitoring for the appropriate cue is extended, and likely better mimic PM tasks in daily life (e.g., remembering to pick up milk after the workday). In light of these findings, clinicians may seek to include brief trials of long delay PM tasks as part of a comprehensive battery to screen for functional decline.

Self-reported Prospective and Retrospective Memory Among Middle Aged and Older Autistic and Non-autistic People.

Self-reported memory difficulties are common among older adults, but few studies have examined memory problems among autistic middle-aged and older people. The current study examines self-rated prospective (PM) and retrospective (RM) memory difficulties and their associations with age in middle-aged and older autistic and non-autistic people. 350 autistic people (58% assigned-female-at-birth; age-range: 40-83 years) and 350 non-autistic adults matched on age, birth-sex and education level were included in the analysis. Participants completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) which includes questions about PM vs. RM (memory type), environment-cued vs. self-cued (cue), and short vs. long delay (delay). Autistic people reported significantly more PM and RM difficulties than the comparison group. Both groups reported more difficulties with PM (vs. RM), self-cued (vs. environment-cued), and short (vs. long) delay. No significant interactions were observed. Among autistic people, younger age was associated with reporting more PM and RM difficulties, but this pattern was not observed among non-autistic people. Autistic people may be at reduced risk for memory problems as they age, compared to their same-age non-autistic peers. Further studies are required to explore the association between self-reported memory challenges and memory task performance among autistic older people.

Subtle cognitive impairment is associated with subtle instrumental activities of daily living defecits, but not severity of memory complaints in sucjective cognitive decline

AbstractBackgroundSubjective cognitive decline (SCD) can be considered as the preclinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of this study was to examine whether there would be differences of the clinical correlates due to evidence of subtle cognitive imparment (SCI) in inividuals with SCD.MethodOne‐hundred‐and‐fifty‐five individuals with SCD (mean age: 68.18 ± 8.09 years) were included in this study. The participants underwent clinical assessments and completed detailed neuropsychological tests. The functional assessment was performed by the Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. Memory complaints were assessed using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) consisting of 16 items that describe everyday memory failure.ResultSCD individuals with SCI (n = 20) had lower Mini‐Mental State Examination scores and showed lower performances in the neuropsychological tests than the SCD only group (n = 135). In addition, the SCI group had worse IADL performance than the SCD only group. There were no differenes in depressive symptoms and PRMQ scores between two groups.ConclusionIn SCD individuals, SCI was associated with subtle IADL deficits, but not with the severity of self‐reported memory complaints, compared to the SCD only group. These results suggest that functional assesments would be helpful for the clinical evaluation of individuals with SCD.

Klinikai neuropszichológiai tesztek magyarországi normatív adatai II.

One basis of clinical neuropsychology is the application of objective, standardized measurements. Several internationally widespread measurements of memory and learning do not have normative data of the Hungarian population, hence it is crucial to provide a basis for future reference. The purpose of this study was to provide normative data about neuropsychological instruments measuring executive functions, memory and verbal learning skills in relation to demographic factors. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) were administered to an adult, Hungarian representative sample (age, sex, education). Higher educated participants performed better on PRMQ, MoCA and RAVLT. Participants with primary education were identified as a risk group for poor verbal learning skills, executive functions and they committed more memory errors. Age had no significant effect on the results of PRMQ, while on MoCA and RAVLT a significant decline in performance was observed with the passage of lifetime. Females performed better in immediate and delayed recall on RAVLT. Application of the presented neuropsychological tests is recommended in clinical practice and scientific research as well. The presented normative data could be a valuable reference point for future studies and practical application, furthermore a basis for early identification of neurocognitive deficits. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(16) 618-629.

Prospective memory in early and established psychosis: An Indian perspective.

Individuals affected by psychosis often have deficits in several neurocognitive functions. Prospective memory (PM), the ability to remember to do things, is crucial for activities of daily living, social and occupational functioning, but very few studies have attempted to examine this domain of functioning in people with psychosis, particularly in India. A total of 71 patients with psychosis, (both early and established psychosis), and 140 age, gender and education-matched healthy controls were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. PM was assessed using the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Group differences were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-tests. Significantly greater cognitive deficits, higher anxiety and depression were evident in the psychosis group compared with controls. The psychosis group performed significantly poorer on both time- and event-based tests in CAMPROMPT than controls. These differences remained when controlling for age, education, general cognitive functioning and mood. The subjective measure of PM (PRMQ) did not differentiate the two groups. The PM performance of early and established psychosis patients was similar. Comparisons with cross-cultural data (PRMQ UK norms and CAMPROMPT and PRMQ Chinese data) revealed important differences in PM performance. Individuals with psychosis have significant deficits in both time- and event-based PM. CAMPROMPT emerged as a more sensitive PM measure compared with PRMQ. Results from cross-cultural comparisons underscore the need for cultural contextualization of assessments.

Positive impact of cognitive reserve on the dynamics of selected cognitive functions in a 3-month follow-up of adult Poles

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3383-0353 Introduction: David Snowden’s 25-year longitudinal Nun Study has contributed to the ongoing interest in the relationship between cognitive reserve and cognitive performance in adults. The term “cognitive reserve” refers to the capital of knowledge and skills. Greater cognitive reserve accounts for good baseline cognitive status of adults and may translate into successful aging. Therefore, research was undertaken to assess the role of cognitive reserve and age in shaping the results of tests assessing cognitive functions and self-report methods. Methods: The study was conducted among adult Poles (N = 80) and involved two measurements (at baseline and after 3 months). The cognitive reserve index included self-report data on past and present involvement in various areas of life, years of occupational activity, level of formal education and occupational status. Each of these categories was scored. Cognitive functions were assessed twice using verbal fluency tests, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised (WAIS-R) subtests, the Zoo Map subtest, the Trail Making Test (TMT), self-report tools such as the Dysexecutive Questionnaire – Self (DEX-S) and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), as well as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Results: Age was negatively correlated with test results, while greater cognitive reserve contributed to better outcomes, which was observed both at baseline and follow-up. The same assessments performed separately for the group of younger (≤55 years of age) and older (≥56 years) adults revealed the negative effect of age in the older group, with less pronounced positive effect of cognitive reserve. Discussion: The results correspond to previous findings. Attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory and planning abilities deteriorate with age. High levels of cognitive reserve account for improvement of these functions both at baseline and at 3 months. However, age, the negative role of which is particularly evident in individuals aged ≥56 years, is the strongest determinant of task performance. Conclusions: The relationship between deteriorated cognitive functions and the protective role of cognitive reserve may vary at different stages of adulthood. Adverse effects of age on cognitive abilities are more pronounced, while the protective effects of cognitive reserve cease in individuals aged ≥56 years. This may indicate that in the presence of other unfavourable factors, such as multimorbidity, cognitive reserve has no significant impact on the ageing trajectory.

Lower prospective memory is associated with higher neurocognitive dispersion in two samples of people with HIV: A conceptual replication study.

People living with HIV (PLWH) often experience deficits in the strategic/executive aspects of prospective memory (PM) that can interfere with instrumental activities of daily living. This study used a conceptual replication design to determine whether cognitive intraindividual variability, as measured by dispersion (IIV-dispersion), contributes to PM performance and symptoms among PLWH. Study 1 included 367 PLWH who completed a comprehensive clinical neuropsychological test battery, the Memory for Intentions Test (MIsT), and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Study 2 included 79 older PLWH who completed the Cogstate cognitive battery, the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT), an experimental measure of time-based PM, and the PRMQ. In both studies, a mean-adjusted coefficient of variation was derived to measure IIV-dispersion using normative T-scores from the cognitive battery. Higher IIV-dispersion was significantly associated with lower time-based PM performance at small-to-medium effect sizes in both studies (mean r s =-0.30). The relationship between IIV-dispersion and event-based PM performance was comparably small in magnitude in both studies (r s =-0.19, -0.20), but it was only statistically significant in Study 1. IIV-dispersion showed very small, nonsignificant relationships with self-reported PM symptoms in both samples (r s < 0.10). Extending prior work in healthy adults, these findings suggest that variability in performance across a cognitive battery contributes to laboratory-based PM accuracy, but not perceived PM symptoms, among PLWH. Future studies might examine whether daily fluctuations in cognition or other aspects of IIV (e.g., inconsistency) play a role in PM failures in everyday life.

Intermediary roles of prospective memory and retrospective memory in the comorbidity of depression and pain

BackgroundPatients who suffer comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic pain (CP) maintain a complex interplay between maladaptive prospective memory (PM) and retrospective memory (RM) with physical pain, and...

Subjective cognitive complaints and its associations to response inhibition and neural activation in patients with stress-related exhaustion disorder

Stress-related exhaustion is associated with cognitive deficits, measured subjectively using questionnaires targeting everyday slips and failures or more objectively as performance on cognitive tests. Yet, only weak associations between subjective and objective cognitive measures in this group has been presented, theorized to reflect recruitment of compensational resources during cognitive testing. This explorative study investigated how subjectively reported symptoms of cognitive functioning and burnout levels relate to performance as well as neural activation during a response inhibition task. To this end, 56 patients diagnosed with stress-related exhaustion disorder (ED; ICD-10 code F43.8A) completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a Flanker paradigm. In order to investigate associations between neural activity and subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) and burnout, respectively, scores on the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ) were added as covariates of interest to a general linear model at the whole-brain level. In agreement with previous research, the results showed that SCCs and burnout levels were largely unrelated to task performance. Moreover, we did not see any correlations between these self-report measures and altered neural activity in frontal brain regions. Instead, we observed an association between the PRMQ and increased neural activity in an occipitally situated cluster. We propose that this finding may reflect compensational processes at the level of basic visual attention which could go unnoticed in cognitive testing but still be reflected in the experience of deficits in everyday cognitive functioning.

Subjective vs informant-reported cognitive complaints have differential clinical significance in covert cerebral small vessel disease

ObjectiveSubjective cognitive complaints are common in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), yet their relationship with informant evaluations, objective cognitive functions and severity of brain changes are poorly understood. We studied the associations of subjective and informant reports with findings from comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and brain MRI. MethodIn the Helsinki SVD Study, 152 older adults with varying degrees of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) but without stroke or dementia were classified as having normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on neuropsychological criteria. The measures also included continuous domain scores for memory and executive functions. Cognitive complaints were evaluated with the subjective and informant versions of the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX); functional abilities with the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (A-IADL); and depressive symptoms with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). ResultsSubjective cognitive complaints correlated significantly with informant reports (r=0.40–0.50, p<0.001). After controlling for demographics, subjective and informant DEX and PRMQ were not related to MCI, memory or executive functions. Instead, subjective DEX and PRMQ significantly associated with GDS-15 and informant DEX and PRMQ with WMH volume and A-IADL. ConclusionsNeither subjective nor informant-reported cognitive complaints associated with objective cognitive performance. Informant-evaluations were related to functional impairment and more severe WMH, whereas subjective complaints only associated with mild depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that awareness of cognitive impairment may be limited in early-stage cSVD and highlight the value of informant assessments in the identification of patients with functional impairment.

Self- and Partner-Reported Subjective Memory Complaints: Association with Objective Cognitive Impairment and Risk of Decline.

Background:Episodic memory decline is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) may represent one of the earliest signs of impending cognitive decline. The degree to which self- or partner-reported SMCs predict cognitive change remains unclear.Objective:We aimed to evaluate the relationship between self- and partner-reported SMCs, objective cognitive performance, AD biomarkers, and risk of future decline in a well-characterized longitudinal memory center cohort. We also evaluated whether study partner characteristics influence reports of SMCs.Methods:758 participants and 690 study partners were recruited from the Penn Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center Clinical Core. Participants included those with Normal Cognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and AD. SMCs were measured using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), and were evaluated for their association with cognition, genetic, plasma, and neuroimaging biomarkers of AD, cognitive and functional decline, and diagnostic progression over an average of four years.Results:We found that partner-reported SMCs were more consistent with cognitive test performance and increasing symptom severity than self-reported SMCs. Partner-reported SMCs showed stronger correlations with AD-associated brain atrophy, plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration, and longitudinal cognitive and functional decline. A 10-point increase on baseline PRMQ increased the annual risk of diagnostic progression by approximately 70%. Study partner demographics and relationship to participants influenced reports of SMCs in AD participants only.Conclusion:Partner-reported SMCs, using the PRMQ, have a stronger relationship with the neuroanatomic and cognitive changes associated with AD than patient-reported SMCs. Further work is needed to evaluate whether SMCs could be used to screen for future decline.

Memory complaints moderate the concordance between self-report and electronically monitored adherence in adults with type 2 diabetes

AimsWe examined the impact of memory complaints on the concordance between self-report (SR) and electronically monitored (EM) medication adherence, independent of depression symptoms, among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MethodsAdults (N = 104, age = 56.6 ± 9.2; 64% female) completed a prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ) and a depression symptom interview at baseline. EM was tracked over 3 months and participants rated adherence using SR. Multiple linear regression evaluated PRMQ as a moderator of the relationship between EM and SR, adjusting for depression and other covariates. ResultsPRMQ was correlated with lower SR (r = −0.31, p = 0.001), but not with EM. PRMQ moderated the relationship between SR and EM, independent of depression symptoms. At low levels of PRMQ, SR and EM were closely related (β = 0.76, p < 0.001); at high levels of PRMQ the relationship was weaker (β = 0.28, p = 0.02). Participants who under-reported their adherence (SR < EM) had higher PRMQ scores than more concordant reporters (p = 0.016). ConclusionsSR and EM measures were less concordant among adults with T2D who endorsed higher PRMQ scores. Memory complaints may contribute to under-reporting of medication adherence in adults with T2D.

Validity and normative data of the Chinese Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) across adolescence, adults and elderly people

ABSTRACT The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) is a widely-used questionnaire for evaluating individuals’ memory failures in everyday life. However, whether the scale is valid for different age groups and gender, and how memory complaints change with age and gender remains less clear. This study aimed to validate the self-report PRMQ in a large Chinese sample across adolescence and adulthood and investigate age-related changes and gender differences in self-report prospective memory (PM) and retrospective memory (RM). A total of 2528 healthy individuals aged from 13 to 96 completed the Chinese version of the PRMQ. Results revealed that the PM-RM correlated factor model was the best fit model with satisfactory reliability and had measurement invariance across gender and adjacent age groups. Adolescents and adults reported similar memory complaints, while older people stated more memory difficulties. Female participants reported more PM errors than male participants, but this gender difference only showed in adolescents and adults. Taken together, these findings not only support the Chinese version of the PRMQ as a valid tool for evaluating prospective and retrospective memory difficulties across gender and adjacent age groups, but also reveal age-related changes and gender difference on self-report memory.

Prospective and retrospective memory complaints in early and late stages of amnestic mild cognitive impairment

AbstractBackgroundMemory complaints are a frequent phenomenon in elderly people. These subjective memory complaints are a cardinal feature of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) known as the first symptomatic stage of Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study was to compare memory complaints and determine whether there were differences of types of memory complaints (i.e. prospective memory (PM) versus retrospective memory (RM) complaints) in early‐stage aMCI (EMCI) and late‐stage aMCI (LMCI).MethodOne‐hundred and twenty‐two aMCI subjects (mean age: 70.07 ± 8.54 years) were divided into EMCI (n = 72) and LMCI (n = 50) according to their Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes score. Memory complaints were assessed using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) consisting of 16 items that describe everyday memory failure of both PM and RM. All participants underwent clinical assessment and completed detailed neuropsychological tests. Group comparisons of types of memory complaints were assessed between EMCI and LMCI subjects.ResultLMCI subjects showed more subjective memory complaints based on PRMQ total sores than EMCI subjects. For types of memory complaints, LMCI group showed more RM complaints by PRMQ‐RM scores than EMCI group, but there were no differences of PM complaints between two groups. The results for PRMQ total scores and PRMQ‐RM scores remained significant after adjusting for age, education, and depressive symptoms.ConclusionLMCI showed more RM complaints than EMCI among subjective memory complaints. There might be differences in types of memory complaints according to disease stage of clinical spectrum of MCI. Therefore, more consideration for types of memory complaints might be needed in the clinical correlation of individuals with MCI.

Executive functions mediate the association between alcohol use and declarative memory symptoms in daily life

ABSTRACT Alcohol use is associated with memory problems in young adults with HIV, but the cognitive mechanisms of that association are not known. Sixty adults (aged 19–24 years) living with HIV were administered the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test to assess alcohol use, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for self-reported executive functions, and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) for dailiy memory functioning. Controlling for mood, self-reported executive functions fully mediated the relationship between alcohol use and memory (indirect effect b=.568, 95%CI [.209,.888]). Findings suggest that self-reported executive dysregulation of memory processes (e.g., Strategic encoding and retrieval) may drive the effects of alcohol use on daily memory symptoms.

A-128 Intraindividual Neurocognitive Variability Is Associated with Poorer Prospective Memory in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with Comorbid Mild Traumatic Brain Injury History and Current Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract Objective Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur in service members, and each are associated with increased neurocognitive intraindividual variability (IIV), a proposed indicator of subtle disruptions in executive control, and prospective memory (PM), or “remembering to remember.” The current study sought to examine possible associations between IIV and PM performances among Veterans with comorbid mTBI and PTSD. Methods 46 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with a history of mTBI and current PTSD enrolled in a VA research study of mTBI completed a standardized neurocognitive battery of 12 measures used to calculate the coefficient of variation (CoV) as an index of IIV, and the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST) as a measure of PM. Veterans also completed clinical questionnaires (i.e., Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PTSD Checklist-Military), and a subset of the sample (n = 31) Veterans completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) as a measure of self-reported PM. Results Controlling for age and education, higher CoV was associated with time-based MIST scores (β = −0.02, p = 0.008, η2 = 0.16) and event-based MIST scores (β = −0.02, p = 0.031, η2 = 0.11). CoV was not associated with mood factors in the sample (ps &amp;gt;0.10). In a subset of the total sample, higher CoV was associated with elevated self-reported PM symptoms (r = −0.36, p = 0.046). Conclusions Among Veterans with a history of mTBI and current PTSD, elevated variability of performances across neurocognitive measures was associated with poorer performance-based PM and self-reported PM symptoms. Future studies are needed to examine IIV as a predictor of real-world PM performances (e.g., medication adherence).

"Do I Have a Memory Problem? I Can't Recall": An Evaluation of Measurement Invariance in Subjective Reporting of Memory Symptoms among Persons with and without Objective HIV-Associated Memory Impairment.

Memory symptoms and objective impairment are common in HIV disease and are associated with disability. A paradoxical issue is that objective episodic memory failures can interfere with accurate recall of memory symptoms. The present study assessed whether responses on a self-report scale of memory symptoms demonstrate measurement invariance in persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment. In total, 505 persons with HIV completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Objective memory impairment (n = 141) was determined using a 1-SD cutoff on clinical tests of episodic memory. PRMQ measurement invariance was assessed by confirmatory factor analyses examining a one-factor model with increasing cross-group equality constraints imposed on factor loadings and item thresholds (i.e., configural, weak, and strong invariance). Configural model fit indicated that identical items measured a one-factor model for both groups. Comparison to the weak model indicated that factor loadings were equivalent across groups. However, there was evidence of partial strong invariance, with two PRMQ item thresholds differing across memory impairment groups. Post hoc analyses using a 1.5-SD memory impairment cutoff (n = 77) revealed both partial weak and partial strong invariance, such that PRMQ item loadings differed across memory groups for three items. The PRMQ demonstrated a robust factor structure among persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment. However, on select PRMQ items, individuals with memory impairment reported observed scores that were relatively higher than their latent score, while items were more strongly associated with the memory factor in a group with greater memory impairment.

Prospektivna memorija kod učenika s teškoćama u učenju

Introduction. The importance of memory is not restricted to remembering the knowledge and experiences of the past retrospective memory (RM), but also to remember what an individual must accomplish in the future prospective memory (PM). Objectives. The aim of this study was to identify RM and PM levels in students with learning disabilities (LD) according to some variables (gender, grade) and to identify the differences between the two types of memories. Methods. The study followed the comparative descriptive statistics. The study sample consisted of 37 male and female students with LD in middle school. The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) was used in this study. Results. The results include the following: a statistically significant decrease from the average in PM and RM levels in students with LD, the existence of statistically significant differences between PM and RM in students with LD for the RM, the presence of statistically significant differences in the PM and RM according to the gender variable for females, and the presence of statistically significant differences in PM and RM according to the grade variable for the third grade of middle school. Conclusion. Students with LD may suffer from a decrease in their capacity to remember in the future, which causes many difficulties in daily life. We guide teachers to use external AIDS for students with LD (such as writing notes) to help students remember performing their tasks.

White matter integrity and types of memory complaints in mild cognitive impairment

AbstractBackgroundMemory complaints are a frequent phenomenon in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, clinical significance for different types of memory complaints in MCI remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine whether white matter (WM) integrity would be affected due to different aspects of memory complaints (i.e., prospective memory (PM) versus retrospective memory (RM) complaints) in individuals with MCI.MethodThe study included a total of 73 participants (mean age: 69.37 ± 7.40 years) with MCI. Memory complaints were assessed using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) consisting of 16 items that describe everyday memory failure of both PM and RM. WM integrity was evaluated by anatomically defined regions of interest analysis using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The discrepancies regarding more PM or more RM complaints were assessed by the PM‐RM discrepancy scores (median = 1, range: −9–12) based on the PM and RM subscores of the PRMQ, and participants with more PM complaints (PRMQ‐PM score &gt; PRMQ‐RM score) were compared to those with more RM complaints with regard to DTI‐derived WM fractional anisotropy (FA). The subjects with PM‐RM discrepancy scores of 0 or 1 were excluded from the group analyses.ResultMore PM complaints group (n = 34) had higher FA in the body of corpus callosum (p = 0.03), and a tendency to higher FA in the genu of corpus callosum (p = 0.08) and right entorhinal WM (p = 0.092) than more RM complaints group (n = 20).ConclusionRM complaints among subjective memory complaints might be associated with more alterations in WM integrity. This cross‐sectional study suggests that different types of memory complaints could affect WM microstructural alterations in individuals with MCI. To clarify our results, further investigations in larger samples are required.

Examining prefrontal contributions to past- and future-oriented memory disturbances in daily life in dementia

Deficits in episodic memory are commonplace in dementia, yet mounting evidence indicates pervasive impairments in future-oriented thinking in these syndromes. How such impairments manifest in the daily lives of people with dementia remain unclear, as do their neural bases. This study aimed to determine the neurocognitive mechanisms of past- and future-oriented memory performance across a large sample of dementia syndromes, each of which is characterised by distinct clinical and cognitive profiles. Carer-rated memory changes in everyday life in Alzheimer's disease, behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, and logopenic progressive aphasia were assessed using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRM-Q). Participants underwent neuropsychological testing and whole-brain structural MRI. Relative to Controls, past- and future-oriented memory were compromised exclusively in AD and bvFTD, with no impairments reported for the other groups. For AD, atrophy in a distributed network of prefrontal, lateral and medial temporal regions including the hippocampus, correlated with past- and future-oriented memory impairments. In contrast, lateral and medial prefrontal regions correlated with past- and future-oriented memory difficulties in bvFTD. Notably, the orbitofrontal cortex emerged as a common neural substrate implicated in memory disturbances across the AD and bvFTD groups. This study confirms the presence of episodic amnesia in bvFTD across a host of everyday activities, mirroring the profile typically observed in AD. Of note, the orbitofrontal cortex emerged as a common region implicated in past- and future-oriented memory deficits in both patient groups, underscoring a critical role for prefrontal regions in supporting complex aspects of memory function in everyday life.